| Abstract: | Women’s political participation is widely regarded as a fundamental indicator of democratic maturity and inclusive governance. Although women constitute nearly half of India’s population, their representation in legislative bodies and political decision-making institutions has historically remained disproportionate to their demographic strength. Over the past seven decades, constitutional guarantees, electoral reforms, affirmative action policies, and growing socio-political awareness have significantly enhanced women’s participation in democratic processes, particularly as voters and representatives in local self-government institutions. Nevertheless, substantial gender disparities continue to exist in parliamentary representation, leadership positions within political parties, and access to political resources. This review article examines the historical evolution, constitutional framework, trends, challenges, and future prospects of women’s political participation in India. It analyses the contribution of social reform movements, the Indian freedom struggle, constitutional provisions, Panchayati Raj Institutions, and contemporary policy initiatives in promoting women’s political empowerment. The paper also discusses persistent barriers, including patriarchal social structures, economic dependence, political violence, inadequate party support, and limited access to leadership opportunities. Special attention is given to the Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023, popularly known as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, which marks a significant milestone in India’s pursuit of gender-inclusive political representation. The study concludes that while notable progress has been achieved, strengthening women’s political participation requires sustained institutional reforms, political commitment, civic education, and societal transformation. Greater representation of women in political institutions is essential not only for gender equality but also for enhancing democratic legitimacy, inclusive governance, and sustainable national development. |
