| Abstract: | Gender roles have historically shaped economic opportunities, labour market participation, and national development across cultures. This paper examines the intersection of gender norms and economic development, analysing how traditional roles have evolved and their impact on modern economies. Theoretical frameworks such as modernization theory, dependency theory, feminist economic theory, and institutional theory provide insights into the relationship between gender and economic systems. Historically, pre-industrial societies reinforced rigid gender roles, which gradually shifted during the Industrial Revolution and post-World War II era, especially in Western nations. However, cross-cultural variations persist. While Western economies have made strides toward gender equality through legal and policy reforms, regions like South Asia and the Middle East still face institutional and cultural barriers. In Sub-Saharan Africa, women play a vital role in informal economies, whereas East Asian countries exhibit mixed progress due to state policies and workplace cultures. Research highlights the economic benefits of gender equality, including higher GDP growth, increased productivity, better health and education outcomes, and poverty reduction. Despite progress, challenges such as wage gaps, underrepresentation in leadership, and lack of access to capital remain. Policy recommendations include expanding education and skill development, implementing legal reforms, enhancing financial inclusion, and promoting workplace flexibility. Ultimately, addressing gender disparities and promoting inclusive policies can drive sustainable economic growth and social progress globally. |
