| Abstract: | This article discusses the gap between procedural and substantive democracy in India bearing in mind that even with sound electoral institutions, there is growing weakening of democracy. Democratic system in India, which has been established on the basis of universal adult franchise and constitutional rights has been able to hold frequent elections, political competition and peaceful transfer of power. The publication however, adds that the success of procedures per se has not resulted in substantive outcomes as far as social equality, economic justice and inclusive citizenship are concerned. This article compares and contrasts procedural democracy (institutional and process-oriented) and substantive democracy (experiences of life, dignity and empowerment) according to the classical and modern theories of democracy. It puts Indian democracy into a complex of historical tradition and arguments of the Constituent Assembly, especially the adoption of the First-Past-The-Post system which allowed prioritizing stability over deepening of democracy. The analysis also shows the main issues of today such as the disparity in education, inequality in different regions, urban poverty, and unemployment that constrain meaningful participation and exacerbate inequalities. The following factors demonstrate a presence of a gap between formal political inclusion and actual empowerment. This article concludes that the future of democracy in India requires that this gap be closed by increasing social justice, improving the welfare of the people, and inclusive development in the country to turn electoral democracy into a more substantive and equitable system. |
